납중독에 의한 피해
김영준님이 보내주신 메일 내용을 올립니다. 납중독에 의한 피해 사진과 외국잡지의 내용이 있습니다. 만약 필드에 나가셨다가 원인 모르게 죽었거나 비틀거리는 오리류를 발견하신다면 018-310-4757번, 혹은 031-290-2754번 혹은 국립수의과학검역원 조류질병과로 연락을 주시던지(031 - 467 - 1802, Fax : 031 - 467 - 1803) 제 전자메일 520651@hanmail.net 혹은 ecovet@yahoo.co.kr로 연락을 주시기 바랍니다. 보관은 얼리시면 좋습니다. 너무 부패된 사체에서는 납 검출을 어려울 수도 있습니다. 가장 좋은 것은 비틀거리는 녀석인데....
안녕하십니까?
저는 야생동물 수의사를 지향하는 김영준입니다. 한동안 순천 지역에서 야생동물
구조사업을 하다가 현재 서식지외보전을 위한 생태동물원 기초자료준비팀에서 일하고
있습니다.
개인적으로 관심이 있어 준비하는 일이 한국 조류에서의 납 중독의 현황입니다. 논문을
위한 것도 아니고 반드시 조사와 대책이 나와야 된다는 생각에서 일을 추진하게 되었습니다.
저 혼자의 일만도 아니고 국립기관의 협조(국립수의과학검역원)를 얻어 시작하는
일입니다. 어차피 실험실 검사를 해야하기 때문이지요.
현재 우리나라에서는 수렵시에 납탄을 사용하는 경우가 많은데 이로 인한 문제가
앞으로는 크게 대두될 것이라고 확신하고 있습니다.
아시겠지만 납이라는 중금속은 체내에 영원히 존재하고 배출이 쉽지 않은 존재이며
생태계내에서 포식관계를 따라 상위계층에 계속 누적되는 문제를 가지고 있어서 조류에
있어서는 맹금류에게까지 치명적인 문제를 야기할 것으로 보이나 아직까지 물새와
오리류에 있어서의 체계적인 조사연구가 잘 되고 있지 못한 상황입니다.
현재 이 문제에 대한 기초자료를 조사하고자 최대한 많은 샘플을 얻고자 하나 필드에
나갈 기회가 적은 저로서는 폐사된 상태의 오리류나 만성적 질병처럼 보이며 비틀거리는
조류를 얻기가 상당히 힘이 들어 이 홈페이지에 도움을 청하게 되었습니다.
일반적으로 낚시에 사용되는 봉돌이나 산탄총알들이
문제를 일으키는데 물에서 분해된 납은 물고기나 갑각류에 침투하고 이를 먹은 오리류에
2차 중독을 일으키는 과정이 있고, 먹이 소화과정에 필요한 분쇄를 위해 돌을 삼키는
과정 중 납탄이나 봉돌을 먹는 과정이 있고, 수렵시에 총탄에 맞아 죽지 않고 서서히
납이 체내로 흡수되는 경우가 있습니다. 이 모두 납의 만성적인 중독을 야기하면서
서서히 죽게되는 문제를 나타내고 있습니다.
일본의 경우에는 시카사슴을 사냥하고 산에 그냥 방치하고 내려오는 경우가 많아서
참수리나 흰꼬리수리가 이를 먹고서 2차중독으로 폐사하는 경우가 상당했고 그로
인해서 홋카이도지역에서는 납탄의 사용을 금지하기도 하였지요.
한반도 전체의 생태계를 위한 일이니만큼 조금만 더 신경을 써 주시기 바랍니다.
항상 좋은 자료에 감사했습니다.
건강하십시오.
그럼...
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
News Release October 18, 2000
SERVICE CONTINUES TO EXPAND
NON-TOXIC SHOT OPTIONS AS STUDY SHOWS BAN ON LEAD SHOT SAVES MILLIONS OF WATERFOWL
Contact: Chris Tollefson 202-208-5634
A new study suggests that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 1991 nationwide
ban on the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting has had remarkable success,
preventing the premature deaths of millions of waterfowl from lead poisoning.
The study, "Ingestion of Lead and Nontoxic Shotgun Pellets by Ducks in
the Mississippi Flyway," was funded in part by the Service's Great Lakes
and Southeast Regional offices and published this summer in the Journal of Wildlife
Management. In order to gauge the effect of the ban on lead shot, researchers
examined thousands of ducks harvested in the Mississippi Flyway during the 1996
and 1997 waterfowl seasons, the fifth and sixth seasons after the 1991 ban on
lead shot.
Based on the survey's findings, researchers William L. Anderson of the Illinois
Department of Natural Resources and Stephen P. Havera and Bradley W. Zercher
of the Illinois Natural History Survey estimate that the ban on lead shot reduced
lead poisoning deaths of Mississippi Flyway mallards by 64 percent, while overall
ingestion of toxic pellets declined by 78 percent over previous levels.
The report concludes that by significantly reducing lead shot ingestion in waterfowl,
the ban prevented the lead poisoning deaths of approximately 1.4 million ducks
in the 1997 fall flight of 90 million ducks. In addition, the researchers state
that approximately 462,000 to 615,000 acres of breeding habitat would have been
required to produce the same number of birds that potentially were saved by
nontoxic shot regulations that year. With the ban now entering its ninth year,
ingestion of lead shot has probably continued to decline from the levels documented
in the study, preventing an increasing number of lead poisoning deaths.
"The results of this important report suggest that the ban on lead shot
has been a resounding success for the health of waterfowl populations, and has
almost certainly contributed to the record numbers of waterfowl we have seen
in recent years. I'm proud that the Service took the initiative in phasing out
lead shot for waterfowl hunting, and continues to expedite the approval of nontoxic
alternatives to lead shot for hunters," said Service Director Jamie Rappaport
Clark.
On September 25, the Service published a proposed rule to extend temporary approval
of tin shot for the 2000-2001 hunting season. Permanent approval was given to
tungsten-matrix shot on September 6, giving hunters a choice of five nontoxic
shots for the upcoming season. In addition to steel and tungsten-matrix shot,
hunters can also use tungsten-iron, tungsten-polymer and bismuth-tin shot.
Tungsten-matrix shot, manufactured by the Kent Cartridge Manufacturing Co. of
Kearneysville, West Virginia, was given temporary approval for the previous
two seasons while testing was completed. The International Tin Research Institute,
based in Oxbridge, England, was also given temporary approval for tin shot for
parts of the past two seasons. If temporary approval is extended to tin shot
for the upcoming season, hunters will have a choice of six nontoxic shots.
Clark pointed out that the ban on lead shot has probably also benefitted more
than 27 other bird species in which lead poisoning has been documented, including
bald eagles. Bald eagles have been found to be particularly vulnerable to lead
poisoning because they often feed on the carcasses of hunter-crippled and lead-poisoned
waterfowl.
"In addition, the study demonstrates what we've known for some time - that
the vast majority of hunters have acted responsibly and ethically to reduce
lead poisoning in waterfowl by complying with the law," said Clark, noting
that only 1.1 percent of examined ducks showed evidence of being shot with lead.
The majority of birds examined by the researchers showed no evidence of ingesting
shot pellets, with ingestion rates ranging from 4.3 percent for scaup to 12.7
percent for ring-necked ducks. Shot pellets were found in the gizzards of 8.9
percent of mallards. Researchers found that of birds with shot pellets in their
gizzards, 68 percent of mallards, 71 percent of canvasbacks, 44 percent of scaup
and 45 percent of ring-necked ducks contained no evidence of toxic lead shot
pellets. The gizzards of the remaining birds contained one or more lead shot
pellets, sometimes mixed with non-toxic shot pellets.
Studies have suggested for decades that lead poisoning is a serious problem
for waterfowl. Ducks regularly grub for food on the bottoms of lakes, streams
and wetland habitat, and also ingest gravel that is used in the gizzard to help
grind up food for digestion. They are therefore vulnerable to ingesting spent
lead pellets that settle on the bottom of waterways and wetlands. A 1959 study,
also by the Illinois Natural History Survey, estimated that 2 to 3 percent of
the North American waterfowl population was killed annually by lead poisoning
between 1938 and 1954.
Efforts to phase out lead shot began in the 1970s, but a nationwide ban on lead
shot for all waterfowl hunting was not implemented until 1991. Canada instituted
a complete ban on the use of lead shot in 1999, after banning its use near bodies
of water and on national wildlife areas earlier.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal Federal agency responsible
for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their
habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages
the 93- million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System comprised of 531 national
wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands, and other special management
areas. It also operates 66 national fish hatcheries, 64 fish and wildlife management
assistance offices and 78 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces
Federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory
bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores
wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their
conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes
hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment
to State fish and wildlife a!
gencies.
-FWS-
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